High-Frequency Transformer and Reactor Models for Network Studies - Part B: Black-Box Models

Summary

Part B – Black-box models

The reliable and safe operation of the transformer requires that the dielectric stresses imposed by transient overvoltages are kept within acceptable limits. Black-box models are terminal equivalents of the transformer. Such models can be used in general transient studies where the objective is to calculate overvoltages that occur in the system, external to the transformer. CIGRE JWG A2/C4.52 has reviewed the various black-box models with consideration to parameter determination, accuracy and to the possible inclusion of such models in electromagnetic transient simulation programs for use in general transient studies. The model parameters can in principle be calculated via a white-box model, and the accuracy of the model is then limited by the accuracy of the white-box model. The highest accuracy is usually obtained by performing measurements of small-signal frequency sweeps on the transformer's terminals, e.g., of terminal admittance and voltage transfer between terminals. A model suitable for electromagnetic transient simulations can thereafter be calculated by fitting a rational model to the data. The TB reviews alternative measurement setups and methods for model extraction from the measurement data. Often, highly accurate models can be obtained. It is to be observed that such black-box modeling from measurements can be a challenge, even with the use of a dedicated measurement setup and trained personnel. This TB is one of five TBs from the JWG.

Additional informations

Authors

Bjørn Gustavsen, Convenor (NO), Angelica Rocha, Secretary (BR),

Alvaro Portillo (UY), Andrzej Holdyk (NO), Anniyappan Palani (DE), Baudilio Valecillos (CH), Behzad Kordi (CA), Bogdan Andriienko (UA), Carlos González-García (ES), Casimiro Álvarez-Mariño (ES), Daniil Matveev (RU), Davor Vujatovic (UK), Ebrahim Rahimpour (DE), Enrique Mombello (AR), Esteban Portales (CA), Federico Portillo (UY), Guillermo Andrés Díaz Flórez (CO), Gustavo H. C. Oliveira (BR), Hans De Herdt (BE), Hans Kristian Høidalen (NO), Ji-Hong Kim (KR), Jos Veens (NL), Jose Carlos Mendes (BR), José Francisco Lofrano (BR), Juliano Montanha (BR), Luiz Fernando de Oliveira (BR), Marc-Olivier Roux (CA), Maxym Ostrenko (UA), Michel Rioual (FR), Mikhail Frolov (RU), Oliver Sterz (DE), Ricardo Castro Lopes (PT), Robert Degeneff (US), Rodrigo Ronchi (MX), Rogerio Azevedo (BR), Shikin Jamil (UK), Tobias Röhrl (DE), Triomphant Ngnegueu (FR), Xosé López-Fernández (ES)

Keywords

power transformers, reactors, power systems, technical performance

Other parts

• High-Frequency Transformer and Reactor Models for Network Studies - Part A: White-Box Models
• High-Frequency Transformer and Reactor Models for Network Studies - Part D: Model interfacing and specifications
• High-Frequency Transformer and Reactor Models for Network Studies - Part C: Grey Box Models
• High-Frequency Transformer and Reactor Models for Network Studies - Part E: Measurements and transformer design details