Summary
With the limitations on obtaining right of way as well as the need for increased power flow in existing corridors, one option that can be employed is to compact the line. This provides for narrower right of way and increased power flow capability. This brochure covers the theory the engineer needs to consider for compacting of AC lines as well as calculated examples. Case studies from around the world are provided relating to compacting of lines as well as voltage upgrading. Live line maintenance and construction issues are also addressed as well as mechanical issues such as sub-span oscillation and galloping mitigation.
Table of content
1. Overview
1.1. Definition and need for compaction
1.2. Right of way (easement or servitude) reduction
1.3. Power flow improvement
1.4. Considerations for compaction
1.5. Sustainability
1.6. Summary
2. Electrical Parameters
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Surge impedance
2.3. Corona
2.4. Design limits for corona
2.5. Summary
3. Insulation Co-ordination
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Temporary (sustained) overvoltage
3.3. Slow-front overvoltage (switching surge)
3.4. Fast-front overvoltage
3.5. Insulation strength
3.6. Insulation coordination calculation procedure
3.7. Air gap
3.8. Effect of conductor swing due to wind
3.9. Summary
4. Phase Configuration, Conductor, Towers and Hardware
4.1. Phase configurations
4.2. General procedure to optimize the selection of transmission line conductors
4.3. Conductor selection mechanical
4.4. Conductor selection - electrical
4.5. Hardware designs
4.6. Tower designs
4.7. Summary
5. Live Line Maintenance Techniques
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Feasibility of live line work on compact line
5.3. Minimum approach distance
5.4. Control of transient overvoltage
5.5. Live work methods for compact lines
5.6. Additional consideration
5.7. Summary
6. Construction Techniques
6.1. Underground cable and overhead line interface
6.2. Summary
7. Influence of Compaction in the Line Electrical Design
7.1. General
7.2. Configurations
7.3. Insulation coordination
7.4. Geometries to be considered
7.5. Comparison of the results
7.6. Electrical line design criteria adopted in different countries
7.7. Summary
8. Case Studies
8.1. Case study: Compact Plus - Norway
8.2. Case study: Stevin project - Belgium
8.3. Case study: compact high voltage crossarms - Germany
8.4. Case study: “compactLine” – A case study in Germany
8.5. Case study – Narrow right of way USA
8.6. Case study: Narrow ROW Tower – Japan
8.7. Case study: Live-line maintenance on downsized 400 kV tower types - Hungary
8.8. Case study: Compact 110 kV – Poland
8.9. Case study: Development and validation of two compact 380 kV towers - Germany
8.10. Case study: Compact and supercompact urban transmission lines – Brazil
8.11. Case study: Switzerland
9. Voltage Upgrading
9.1. Case study – Manitoba Hydro (Canada)
9.2. Case study Norway – Voltage uprating
10. Conclusion
Appendix A. Definitions, abbreviations and symbols
A.1. General terms
A.2. Specific terms
Appendix B. Links and references
Appendix C. Airgap calculation
C.1. For slow-front
C.2. For fast fronts
C.3. For sustained overvoltage
C.4. Example
C.5. Calculation of swing angle
Additional informations
| Publication type | Technical Brochures |
|---|---|
| Reference | 792 |
| Publication year | |
| Publisher | CIGRE |
| ISBN | 978-2-85873-494-8 |
| Study committees | |
| Working groups | WG B2.63 |
| File size | 13 MB |
| Pages number | 163 |
| Price for non member | 300 € |
| Price for member | Free |
Authors
R. STEPHEN, Convenor (ZA) B. FIFE, Secretary (US)
D. DOUGLASS (US), L. NAZIMEK (PL), J. FERNANDES (BR), J. NOLASCO (BR), Y. HACHIZAWA (JP), O. REGIS (BR), P. HERRIAS (ES), K. REICH (AT), J. IGLESIAS (ES), S. STEEVENS (DE), J. JARDINI (BR), H. VALENTE (PT), W. KIEWITT (DE), C. WANG (CA), W. LEE (KR), G. WATT (CA), D. LIEBHABER (US), C. WINTER (DE), D. LOUDON (NO), Y. YAMANAKA (JP), E. MARSHALL (ZA), M.SOUZA (BR), C. NASCIMENTO (BR)
Reviewers
W. TROPPAUER (AT), K. HALSAN (NO), H. LUGSCHITZ (AT)
Keywords
compact overhead lines, reduced right-of-way, surge impedance loading, phase compaction, bundle expansion, audible noise, insulation coordination, voltage uprating, conductor bundles, live line maintenance
